Apparatus for indicia recognition



ocr. 2s, 1952 L. E. FLORY E1' AL APPARATUS FOR INOIOIA RECOGNITION Filed Jan. 3, 1949 5 Sheets-Sheet l Oct. 28, 1952 E. FLoRY Erl-A1.

APPARATUS FOR INDICIA RECOGNITION 5 sheets-sheet 2 Filed Jan; 3. 1949 INVENTORS F'Lay ,ff/yal I/I//Nr/feap .5, /Ks- Oct. 28, 1952 L. E. FLoRY ETAL.

APPARATUS FOR INDICIA RECOGNITION 5 sheets-sheet Filed Jan. 3, 1949 Ilvm MMM/WMM...

ATTORNEY L. E. FLORY ET AL APPARATUS FOR lNDICIA RECQGNITION 5 sheets-sheet@ INVENTORS L 1u/.f I

oct. 2 8, 1952 Filed Jan. 3, 1949 FL a/ey Wwf/leap 5. /Ke

ATTORN EY Oct. 28, 1952 l.. E. FLORY ET AL APPARATUS FOR INDICIA RECOGNITION Filed Jan. 3, 1949 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 W RK .wlw M w .Wux www.

u .v a fr s K. Rvf/ Y wmp m N W .m 15W. A am W mm Patented Oct. 28, 1952 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE APPARATUS FOR INDICIA RECOGNITION Application January 3, 1949, Serial No. 68,888

14 Claims.

and will be particularly described in connection with apparatus for translating indicia into acoustical energy in the form of sounds characteristic of a spoken language. For the purpose of simple disclosure, the description will be limited to apparatus for recognizing and trans-1,5

lating indicia in the form of printed letters, although it should be understood that the principles of the invention are equally applicable to the recognition and translation of indicia which are outlined by perforations, stampings, or any tracing in or on a surface whereby said indicia appear in contrast to said surface.

Considered from one aspect, the present invention is an improvement on the method and system disclosed in the copending applicationrig5 of V. K. Zworykin et al., Serial No. 68,887, led January 3, 1949, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. As is explained in the aforesaid Zworykin et al. application, it has previously been proposed to translate printed-fj matter into arbitrary tonal sounds in the nature of a code, whereby one trained in the use of the code can obtain an understanding of the content of printed material. (See, e. g., U. S. P. 2,420,716; 1,350,954; 2,451,014.) been proposed to translate printed indicia (also in the nature of a code) into. articulate sounds characteristic of a spoken language. (See, e. g., Flory application Serial No. 713,175, led November 29, 1946, now Patent No. 2,517,102 issued'40 August 1, 1950.) Since such code systems require either special operator training or the preparation of a programming tape with specially coded indicia, they are of limited applicability.

In the aforementioned copending Zworykin et al. application, a method is disclosed for indicia recognition and translating, and especially for translating printed matter into articulate sounds characteristic of a spoken language, wherein arbitrarily selected zones of the printed matter are each individually scanned with light energy. As the printed matter is scanned, individual characters are identified by evaluating the number (or the number and duration) of changes in the amount of light reflected from each of the It has further; 35

2 zones due to contrasting light-reflective properties of the printed matter (i. e. changes from black to white and vice versa). Unique groups of voltages are generated which corre- 5 vspond to the evaluated information, and these voltages are utilized to control the generation of'articulate sounds characteristic of a spoken language.

The present invention relates to indicia recognition of the above general type, and has for its principal object the provision of an improved method of and apparatus for recognizing and translating from a surface indicia of contrasting energy reflective properties by scanning the surface with pulsating beams of energy.

A further object of the invention is to provide means for simplifying indicia recognition by determining the sequence in which the lightreflecting properties of an indicia-bearing surface vary in two or more segmental zones of the surface.

The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will be brought out more fully in the following description of an illustrative embodiment thereof, when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 illustrates diagrammatically one of the principles on which the present invention is based,

Figure 2 illustrates, partly in perspective and partly in block diagram form, a complete reading aid apparatus arranged in accordance with the invention,

Figure 3 is a plan view of a scanning device comprising one component of the apparatus of Figure 2,

Figure 4 is an end view of the scanning device, taken on the line 4 4 of Figure 3,

Figure 5 is a plan view of a sound reproducer which comprises one of the components of the apparatus of Figure 2,

Figure 6 is an end view, taken on the line 6 6, of the sound reproducer of Figure 5,

Figures '7, 8 and 9 are schematic diagrams of circuits corresponding to the lettered blocks of( Figure 2,

Figures 10 and 11 show some of the voltage wave forms in the apparatus of Figure 2,

Figure 12 shows an operating characteristic of one portion of the circuit of Figure 8, and

Figure 13 is a view of a modified scanning arrangement suitable for use with the apparatus ofFigure 2.

Y One of the .principles underlying indicia recognition of the type With which the present invention is concerned can best be explained by reference to Figure l, wherein there are shown three arbitrarily selected letters b, p, and 11, such as might appear in a line of printed matter. The printed matter comprising the three letters b, 13, n appearing on a contrasting surface is to be traversed or scanned by eight spots of light Sl-SS, each of which illuminates a horizontal segmental zone of the printed matter. As the spots .SI-S8 are moved from left to right, they establish eight hypothetical 4Zones of illumination ZI-Z. It Will be understood that the number of Zones illustrated is not critical, provided sufficient definition is attainable between 'the letters or other indicia involved. As the spots of light SI-S8 are moved from left to right, the amount of light reflected from each of the zones ZI-Z8 will vary as each of the light spots SI-SS encounters the black and White areas delined by portions of each of the letters b, 1p, IL VFlight lines LI-L8 have been placed directly beneath the letters in Figure l vto represent the contrasting reflecting properties of the printed matter within each of the eight zones `ZI--Z8. It will be understood that the unshaded portions of Seach of the eight lines LVI-L8 correspond to conditions of normal or White renection Within each ofthe eight zones, While the shaded portions oi the lines LI-L correspond to subnormal or black reflections Within each of lthe eight Zones For each of the letters in Figure 1, the number of changes from White to black 'reflection (or vice versa) can be counted for each zone, and the 'number of zonal changes per letter can be grouped to characterize each letter. 'This is illustrated in the following vTable .I, vin which the .number of changes per zone Aper letter is tabulated.

Table vI ubn up mnu It will be observed that there is a unique group of zonal reflection changes for each of the three letters shown in Figure 1 which serves to characterize the corresponding letter. As will be shown hereinafter, the information obtained by counting the number of changes in the light reiecting properties in each zone can be used lto selectively control the reproduction of the .actual letter sounds.

It will also be noted in Figure 1 that changes in the reflecting properties of the printed matter occur in a. characteristic sequence. Thus, for example, the letter "b shows a change in the first and second zones occurring simultaneously With changes in the third, fourth, iifth, and sixth zones. On the other hand, the letter d (not shown) would exhibit changes in the first and second zones occurring subsequently to changes in the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth zones. Such characteristic reflection change sequences can be relied on to further distinguish between the letters of printed matter, and it is one of the objects of Athe present invention to 'provide for character identification both in terms of the number of zonal changes per letter and in terms of the sequence in which changes occur in two or more zones of the printed matter.

Referring, next, to Figure 2 of the drawings, there is shown, partly in perspective and partly in block diagram form, apparatus for translating printed matter into articulate sounds characteristic of a spoken language, in accordance with the invention. In Figure 2, the elements cf the apparatus are seen to include a scanning device I0 for projecting pulsating light energy onto the printed matter I I to be translated, and for picking up the light reflected from each of a plurality of hypothetical zones of the printed matter II.

The scanning device I0 is illustrated in detail in Figures 3 vand 4, and is seen to include a cathode ray `tube light source I2, positioned to direct pulsating light beams I4, generated at the screen I6 of the tube I2, onto a mirror Si? located above a lens 20 which serves to focus the light beams .I4 from the cathode ray tube on a sheet of printed matter II. The cathode ray tube has one set of deflecting plates 23 and a control grid 25, as Well as the usual cathode and anodes which have been omitted from the drawing for sim plicity. Light reflected from the sheet of printed material II is focused by a second lens 2d onto a light sensitive element, such as a photo multiplier tube 26, which serves to detect the reflected light energy and to generate kpulses of electrical energy representative of the reilecting properties of the printed matter Il, in a manner to be described hereinafter.

Figure 13 shows the elements of a modified scanning arrangement suitable for use in the apparatus of Figure 2. In Figure 13, the indiciabearing surface comprises a photographic illm or comparable translucent medium I3 having the indicia to be translated thereon. In this case, the cathode ray tube l2 and a focusing lens 2Q are located on one side of the surface I3 having indicia thereon, while the light-sensitive element 2t is located on the other side or the surface i3. With this arrangement, changes in the amount of light passing through the film are translated into -changes in output current or Voltage by the element 26. It will be observed that the scanning arrangement shown in Figure 13 differs from that shown in Figures 3 and 4 only to the extent that Variations in light-transmitting properties of the surface I3, having indicia thereon, are utilized in the scanning arrangement of Figure 13, while variations in lightreflecting properties of the indicia-bearing surface are relied on in the scanning arrangement of Figures 3 and 4. For simplicity, the present discussion Will be limited to the case of scanning a surface having indicia thereon of contrasting light-reilecting properties. However, the terms light-reflecting properties and reflected light as used herein and in the appended claims, will be understood to include light-transmission properties and transmitted light as explained inthe foregoing.

The light beams Ill from the cathode ray tube I2 originate in a series of light spots S which are produced on the screen of the tube I2 by deflecting the cathode ray beam across the tube in a series of discrete steps. The image of the light spots S is projected onto the printed matter through the optical system of the scanning device IQ, and thence reected to the phototube 2t. Since all of the reflected light is collected by a single phototube 26, provision must be made for separating the Composite effect at the phototube '26 into effects corresponding to each vof the hypothetical zones established by the individual light beams, so that the number of zonal reflection changes per letter can be determined.

In the system shown in Figure 2, all of the foregoing operations, including the stepwise deflection of the cathode ray beam, and separation of reflection effects, are accomplished under the control of a master oscillator lcircuit 28 and a frequency divider circuit 38, with the two circuits 28, 38 serving as mutually synchronized sources of control voltages for the system.

The deflection voltage for the cathode ray tube comprises a staircase waveshape voltage (see Fig. 10, e) obtained from a staircase generator circuit 32, operating under the control of the master oscillator 28 and the frequency divider 30. The staircase voltage from the generator 32 moves the cathode ray beam across the screen of the tube I2 of Figures 3 and 4 in a series of discrete steps, while unblanking pulses from an unblanking circuit 34 intensify the beam during each of the pauses between movements thereof, so that a series of pulsating spots S shown in Figure 4, are produced on the screen of the tube l2. A long as the scanning device Hl of Figure 2 encounters only white reflection conditions in all of the eight hypothetical zones of the printed matter, the scanning device will send out a continuous series of pulses at a frequency equal to that of the master oscillator 28. A channel separator circuit 36 separates the pulses due to any one zone from the composite pulse output of the scanner I 0, by electronic timing techniques. The channel separator circuit 36 sequentially lifts out the pulses corresponding to each zone from the composite pulse output of the scanner le. However, when the scanner I 0 encounters black reflection in any one of the zones, the output pulses corresponding to that zone will be missing from the composite pulse train. Since pulse absence is a rather inconvenient phenomenon to deal with, it is deemed preferable to translate pulse absent information into pulse present information by combining the output of the ychannel separator circuit 35 with the output of a replacement pulse generator 3l, in eight pulse replacement circuits 38 which constitute the local signal source for eight pulse counting circuits 39, one or more sequence circuits 4B, and a read-and-reset-pulse generator 4l. The counter circuits 39 and the sequence circuit (or circuits) 4t evaluate the information supplied by the pulse replacement circuits 38, and generate unique groups of D. C. control voltages which are predeterminedly characteristic of the letters being scanned. The various characteristic voltage groups generated by the counter and sequence circuits 3S, 48 are separated from one another in a matrix network 42. The terms matrix and matrix network are used in this specification and in the accompanying claims to designate a network of-input conductors, to which voltages of the same or different magnitude may be applied, said input conductors being connected in predetermined groups through high resistance elements to conductors serving as output conductors for the network, the arrangement being such thatfno two outp-ut conductors are connected to the same group of input conductors. In such a network, individual voltages applied to all of the input conductors can be combined in predetermined groups for any desired purpose, as, lfor example vthe separation of voltageY groups characteristic of printed characters. In'the system of Figure 2, voltage groups selected by the master matrix 42 are applied to control circuits 44 which selectively control the operation of a sound reproducer 46.

The sound reproducer 46 comprises a source of individual sound signals, each of which corresponds to one of the individual letter sounds of a spoken language, the arrangement being such that one of the recorded sound signals will be passed through an amplifier and converted into acoustical energy in a loudspeaker 6.8 whenever the corresponding letter or character is encountered in the course of scanning printed matter. A read and reset pulse generator 4l is provided to serve as a source `of signals for resetting the counter circuits 39 and the sequence circuit 40 after each letter is scanned, and for preventing premature operation of the sound reproducer 46. A reproducer cutoff circuit 41 is also provided, which serves to prevent continuous reproduction of a selected letter sound.

Figures 5 and 6 illustrate one form of reproducing device 46 suitable for use in the system of Figure 2. In Figures 5 and 6, the reproducer 46 is seen to include a plurality of sound discs 48 mounted on a drive shaft 5I) which is continuously rotated by a driving motor 5l. Each of the discs 48 is provided with a sound track 49, carrying a recorded letter-sound signal. For example, a magnetic tape carrying a magnetically recorded letter-sound may be cemented to the periphery of each disc 48. Amagnetic pick-up head 52 is pivotally mounted adjacent each of the discs 43, and biased into proper pickup relation therewith by a spring 54.

All of the record discs 48 are normally held stationary by solenoid-operated latches 56 engaging with stop pins 60 extending from the faces of the discs 48, as shown. Each of the latch solenoidsv 62 is connected to one of the reproducer control circuits 44 of Figure 2, the arrangement being such that when a character is recognized in the course of scanning, the control circuit 44 selected by the matrix 42 will send a short pulse of current through the solenoid 62 associated therewith. The latch 56 of the selected solenoid will be lifted out of engagement with the stop pin 68 on the associated disc 48, permitting the disc to be rotated by the shaft 58 through the medium of a friction clutch 64. The released disc then makes one revolution, during which the previous- .ly recorded letter-sound is played back by the pickup head 52 associated with the selected disc, through an amplier 86 and a loudspeaker 68 included in the system of Figure 2. At the end of a single turn of the selected disc 48, the solenoid latch 56 again engages the disc stop pin 8S to prevent further rotation of the disc until the same letter is again recognized by the master matrix.

ytypical circuits suitable for inclusion in the sys'- :tem of Figure r-2. Reference will be made from time :to time to .the waveforms shown .in Figures 10 and 11 as an aid in ,explaining the operative relation between the various circuits described` It will be understood that the exact frequencies which have been assigned to the circuits are `not critical, and have merely been selected as convenient illustrative examples. In order to simplify the drawings, dual triode vacuum tubes have been used at various points in the schematic diagrams, and for convenience of discussion the two sections of each such triode will be referred to as the right andthe left, or the upper and the lower sections of the tube, as they appear to one observing the drawings.

MASTER OSCILLATOR Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of part of the circuits of Figure 2, beginning with the -master oscillator ZS and continuing through the channel separator circuit 36. In Figure l, the master seillator 2S is seen to comprise a dual triode 10, the left section of which is connected as a blocking oscillator wherein feedback through a coil 'il will cause a recurrent, rapid swing between conditions of fuil conduction and cut-off in the left section of the tube Til, at a frequency which can be varied by adjusting a potentiometer 12 in the blocking oscillator portion of the circuit. The resulting positive voltage pulses at the plate of the left section of the tube 'i9 are applied to a selfbiased clipper which comprises the right section of the tube ill, wherein the output of the blocking oscillator (left) section is reduced to a series of yequal magnitude, negative pulses. The output from the clipper section of the master oscillator circuit 28 is shown at ain Figure 10, and is as sumed to have a frequency of 4 kc. The pulses from the master oscillator 28 are applied to the frequency divider circuit 30, the staircase generator circuit S2, and the unblanking circuit 34, which will be considered in that order.

FREQUENCY DIVIDER The frequency divider 35 consists of three identical stages 13, 14, 15, each of which comprises a dual triode tube connected as a balanced trigger circuit, wherein either section of the tube may be conducting current while the other section is cut-oir. When a negative pulse of voltage is applied to any of the stages T3, 14, 15 at the junction 'il of the plate load resistors for 4that stage, the conditions of conduction-nonconduction in that stage will reverse, and will remain so until the application of another negative voltage pulse at the same input point 11. Each stage of the frequency divider 314 is coupled to the input point 'il of the `next succeeding stage, so that two reversals in any vgiven stage will result in a single reversal in the next succeeding stage. Accordingly, each pulse applied to the frequency divider 3d from the master oscillator 23 will cause a reversal of conditions in the rst stage "i3 of the circuit, 'while conditions 'in the second and third stages 14, l5 will reverse on each second and fourth pulse from the oscillator 28, respectively. As a result, the 2 kc. square wave signal shown `at b in Figure will appear at the plates of the rst stage 'I3 of the frequency divider 33, the l kc. square wave signal shown at c in Figure 10 will appear at the plates of the second stage 'M of the frequency divider, and the 500 cycle square wave :signal shown at d in Figure 10 will appear at the plates lof the last stage i5 of the frequency divider. Balanced trigger circuits connected in the foregoing manner are well known in the 'art as binary counters (see e. g. U. S. Patent 2,410,156). It will be seen that the master oscillator 28 and the frequency divider Sli together lprovide a source of mutually synchronized signals at 4 kc., 2 kc., 1 kc., and 500 cycles. These signals will be referred to in connection with the remaining circuits of the apparatus of Figure 2.

STAIRCASE GENERATOR As was `previously mentioned, the pulsating, spot" sources of light for the scanning device l0 in Figure 2 are obtained by step-wise deection of a cathode ray beam. The necessary deflecting voltage is generated yin the staircase generator 32 shown in Figure '7, by discharging a capacitor 18 in discrete, equal increments with 4 kc. pulses derivedfrom the master oscillator 28. After every seventh discharging pulse, the capacitor 'i3 is charged by 500 cycle pulses derived from the frequency divider 35. in the staircase generator 32, 4 kc. negative pulses from the master osillator 23 are `utlized to trigger a cathode coupled multivibrator stage i9, wherein the pulses from the oscillator 'Ed are inverted and reduced in amplitude. Positive pulses from the multivibrator 19 are applied to the grid of a normally non-conducting pent-ode tube 5B through an attenuator Sl in the plate circuit of the right section of the multivibrator le. The capacitor i8, to be charge and discharged, is connected. between the plate of the pentode et and ground, so that, assuming the capacitor i3 to be initially fully charged, each positive pulse applied to the grid of the pentode tube 3c will cause latter to conduct momentarily, resulting in partial dis charge of the capacitor 'i8 through the pentode 80. Over the range for which the plate current of the pentode 8c is independent of plate voltage, the magnitude of each step in the discharge of the capacitor will be constant, and will be proportional to the amplitude of the positive pulses applied to the grid of the tube 'Sil from the multivibrator 19.

After the occurrence of every seventh pulse at the grid of the pentode Sii, a second cathode coupled multivibrator 84 is triggered by 500 cycle negative pulses derived from the frequency divider circuit 30. The second multivibrator 84 generates 500 cycle positive pulses which are applied to both sections of a dual triode 'S2 connected in series between the piate supply lead 83 and the plate of the pentode Sil. When the dual triode 82 is rendered conducting by positive pulses from the multivibrator 8d, the capacitor 'i8 is effectively connected directly between the plate supply lead 83 and ground, and becomes charged to substantially the full plate supply voltage. A staircase waveshape signal, shown at Figure l0, e, is developed across the capacitor "i8, and is applied through a cathode 'follower stage 35 to a ages from the amplifier 86, will produce pulsating spots of relatively high intensity on the screen of the tube I2, with the spots being connected by relatively low intensity traces. It is considered preferable to eliminate the traces interconnecting the light spots in order to insure com- 9 i plete separation between each of the hypothetical zones cf the printed matterto be scanned. `To this end, the normal bias on the grid 25 of the cathode ray tube I2 is made sufficiently negative to prevent the electrons in the cathode ray beam from reaching the screen of the tube I2. Positive voltage pulses generated in the unblanking cir' cuit 39 of Figure 'l are utilized to turn on or unblank the beam during the periods between movements thereof, thus insuring both good definition and readily detectable pulsing of the light spots.

UNBLANKING- CIRCUIT In Figure 7, the unblanking circuit 34 comprises a first cathode coupled multivibrator 88 connected to the output of the master oscillator circuit 28 through a coupling capacitor 39. The multivibrator S8 is triggered by 4 kc. pulses from the master oscillator 2S, and generates an unsymmetrical square wave of voltage, shown at f in Figure l0. The unsymmetrical square wave output of the first multivibrator 88 is differentiated in a resistor-capacitor network S'I, and the diierentiated signal, shown at g in Figure 10, is applied to a second multivibrator circuit 9D. The second multivibrator 99 will not be affected by negative pulses, but will be triggered by the positive pulses in the signal shown at g in Figure 10.

It will be seen in Figure 10 g that the positivepulse portions of the differentiated signal occur at slight intervals after the 4 kc. pulses shown at Figure l0, a, from the master oscillator 28. A second unsymmetrical square wave of voltage, shown at h in Figure 10, is generated by the second multivibrator 99, with the positive portions of the square wave (Figure l0, h) occurring in the intervals between pulses from the master oscillator 28. Thus, as shown by the waveforms in Figure l0, e and h, the multivibrator Si! of Figure 7 produces positive pulses of nite width which occur approximately in the center of the steps of the staircase wave from the staircase generator circuit 32. The pulses from the second multivibrator 99 are applied to the grid 25 of the cathode ray tube through a cathode follower stage Si, and will turn on the cathode ray beam only during the time intervals when the beam is stationary.

The circuits 23, 3B, 32, and 34 of Figure '7 are capable of providing an information signal, at.

CHANNEL SEPARATOR CIRCUIT It will be recalled that the six sections of the tubes '13, l, 'I5 comprising thev three stages of..

the frequency divider circuit 39 operate alternately in a predetermined sequence, so that the,

voltage at the plate of each section of the tubes lf3, "I4, I will shift between relatively high and low voltage conditions as the vtube sections4 themselves alternately become conducting `and non-conducting'. In order to simplifyV the discussion, the terms high and lowfvoltage are used nected to the grid of one section of four channel herein to designate more positive and less positive voltages, respectively, rather than the relative absolute magnitudes of voltages. There will be a unique combination of high and low voltages at the plates of the six sections of the three tubes "I3, 74, 'I5 in the frequency divider circuit 30 for each pulse (up to eight) from the master oscillator 28 and, hence, for each step of the staircase wave applied to the deflection plates 23 of the cathode ray tube.

This is shown in the following table, wherein the relative voltages (high or low) at the plates of the tube sections in the frequency divider circuit 30 are indicated as they will appear after the arrival of each of eight pulses from the master oscillator. The numbers and letters at the head of each column will be understood to refer to the tube numbers and sections (R-right, L-left), respectively in Figure 7. As will be shown hereinafter, the voltages at the plates of the tubes 'I3-I5 in the frequency divider circuit 39 will also appear at the cathodes of three tubes 93-95 in the channel separator circuit 39. Table II also shows, in parentheses, the correlation between the tubes I3-'I5 and the tubes 93-95.

Table II Pulse NO- (931i) (93a) (941.) (94B) 95L) (95B) low high low high low high high 10W low high low low high low high high 10W high low high low high 10W low high high high 10W high low low low high high low high 10W high high 10W In the channel separator circuit St of Figure '7, the unique combinations of voltages shown in Table II are utilized to separate the pulses from the scanner I in the following manner:

The plate of each tube section 'ISL-ISR in the frequency divider 39 circuit is connected to the grid of one of the sections of three cathode follower stages 93, 94, 95 in the pulse separator circuit 36. With these connections, it will be apparent that the voltage across the cathode resistors 92 of the cathode follower tubes 93, 94, 95 in the channel separator circuit 36 will be replicas of the voltages at the plates of the tube 'I3-'I5 in the frequency divider circuit 39. The cathode resistor 92 of each of the cathode follower tubes 93-95 is connected to one of the input conductors 99 0f a matrix network 98, hereinafter designated y as the channel matrix. The channel matrix 98 comprises six vertical input conductors 99, a seventh vertical input conductor I9I, and eight horizontal output conductors II, interconnected through high resistance elements I I2, say of the order of several megohms. In order to simplify the drawing, the resistors I|2 have been indicated in Figure 7 by heavy dots on the intersection of the conductors 99, Ill, III! which they interconnect. Each of the eight output 1leads Iii! from the channel matrix 98 is confgate" tubes IIS, IM, II5, IIG. The cathodes of all ofthe gate tubes II3-II6 are returned to ground through a potentiometer II8 connected .across the plate voltage supply system, so that, under normal condtions, all of the gate tubes II3-I I6 will be cut off by positive bias on their cathodes.

Each of the output leads IID of the channel matrix 93 is connected to three of the input leads geringes 33 from the cathode followers 33-95; When the three input leads 99, to which any one output lead lli (and gate tube section) is connected, are in the high voltage condition, theV grid bias of the gate tube section connected thereto will be raised almost to the cut-oli point. Hence, as the various combinations of voltages (indicated in Table I) are sequentially reproduced on the input leads S3 of the channel Selector matrix, the grid bias of one or another of the gate tube sections Will be raised very close to the voltage point at which the various electronic gates ||3|i6 will Openu The composite pulse. output of the phototube 2S is also applied to the channel matrix. 98 through an amplifier I9 operating in conjunction with a biased diode |26, which limits, the magnitude of the pulses from the scanning device l. rhe output of the amplifier ||9 is connected to the channel matrix input lead IBI which isy common to all of the output leads IIB, so that all o the pulses from the scanning device I are applied simultaneously7 to the grids of all sections of the. gate tubes ||3-| I6. When a pulse from the amplifier H9 reaches the grid of one section of any oi the gate tubes l |3- H6 simultaneously with the occurrence of high voltages on the three channel matrix input leads 93 to which that tube section is connected, the combined input voltages for that tube section will be Suicient to cause conduction therein, and a negative pulse of voltage will be developed at the plateof the. conducting tube section.

Figure l0, z', illustrates the foregoing action in the case of the upper section of one gate tube H3. It will be noted in Figure 7 that the grid of the upper section of the gate tube H3 is connected through the channel matrix to the cathode resistor 32 of the left section of all of the cathode follower tubes 93-95 in the channel separator circuit 3B. Hence, from Table II, high voltage conditions will exist on all three of the channel matrix input leads 99 common to the upper. section of the gate tube ||3, after each No. l pulse from the master oscillator 28. After each succeeding pulse from the master oscillator, the. upper section of the gate tube I|3 will receivev high voltages from only two or less of the channel matrix input leads 99. The voltage at the grid of the upper section of the. tube |I3 is shown in Figure 10, i, for one series of eight master oscillator pulses, and is seen to include pulsesv from the amplier HS superimposed on the voltage pattern from the channel matrix 98. This, of course, assumes white reflecting conditions in all eight zones of the printed matter.` As shown in Figure l0, i, the grid Voltage of the upper section of the gate tube ||3 will go above cut-off each time that a pulse from zone No. 1 of the printed matter reaches theY upper section of the gate tube, H3, through the amplier ||9. During the remaining seven pulse-output periods of the scanning device IU, the upper section ofthe gate tube.v |3 will not respond to pulses'fromthe amplifier H9, while one or another of the-remaining gate tube sections Will respond. as their grid voltages vary in an analogousmanner. Accordingly, it will now be apparent that each section of the gate tubes ||3| H5 Will pass only those pulses which originate in a particular zone of the printed matter, so that each of theY eight gate tube sections may be thought of as related to a particular zone of the printed matter. As long as white reflecting conditions exist in all eight zones of the printed matter, a continuous series of pulses, at 500 cycles per secon-d, will appear at the plate of each section of the gate tubes ||3| It. Such pulses from any channel gate tube section will be referred to hereinafter as white indicator" pulses. The white indicator pulses at the output Xr-Xaof each of the channel gate tubes ||3| I6 are applied to a pulse replacement circuit 38 of the type shown in Figure 8, and will be further considered in the discussion of Figure 8. When black reiiection occurs in any of the eight zones, no pulses will appear at the plate of the gate tube section associated with that. channel. As was previously mentioned, it is advantageous to convert pulse-absent information, corresponding to black reiiection in any zone, into pulse-present information. A replacement pulse generator circuit 37, shown in Figure 7, serves as a source of pulsesA for accomplishing the required conversion.

REPLACEMENT PULSE GENERATOR The replacement pulse generator 31 comprises two cathode coupled multivibrators |22, |23, which are generally similar to the multivibrators 88, 9G in the unblanking circuit 3ft. The replacement pulse generator multivibrators |22, |23 are driven by 4 kc. pulses from the master oscillator 28, and generate an unsymmetrical square wave of voltage substantially the same as the waveform shown in Figure 10, h. It is considered preferable to have the replacement pulse output of the multivibrators |22-, |23 slightly narrower than the pulses shown in Figure l0, h, from the unblanking circuit 34, and to have the replacement pulses occur approximately in the center of the, time interval defined by the pulses from the unblanking circuit 34. It should be noted that the replacement` pulses from the multivibrators |22, |23 will correspond generally to pulses from the scanning device I0, with the exception that the replacement pulses occur continuously, and independently of changes in the reiiecting conditions at the printed matter.

The pulses from the replacement multivibrators |22, |23 are all applied to al1 of the output leads |25 of a resistor matrix |24 which is identi'cal to the channel matrix 98, and is hereinafter referred to as the replacement matrix. The signais on the eight output leads |25 of the replacement matrix will correspond substantially to the signals on the output leads Hi! of the channel matrix, with the previously noted exceptions that the replacement pulses are slightly narrower than the channel pulses,y and occur continuously regardless of the reiiecting conditions encountered by the scanner l0. Each of the output leads |25 carries signals from the replacement pulse generator 3,1 into a pulse replacement circuit 38, shown in Figure 8, through the output connections Yi-Ys.

Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a pulse replacement circuit 38, a channel counting circuit 39, a channel sequencel circuit 40, and a read and reset pulse generator 4| for the apparatus of Figure 2. In order' to simplify the drawings, only one of each of the circuits 38, 39, 4|] have been shown in Figure 8, although it will be understood that eight pulse replacement circuits 38 and eight channel counter circuits 39 are required in the complete apparatus of Figure 2, while one or more sequence circuits 4| can be used if desired.

PULSE REPLACEMENT CIRCUIT The iirstV stage ofthe pulse replacement cir- 13-V cuit 38 is an electronic gate stage comprising a pentode tube |21, normally biased beyond cutoff by positive cathode bias voltage obtained from a voltage divider |28. The pentode gate tube |21 operates in a manner analogous to the channel separator gates |3-I I6 of Figure 7 with one important exception. In the case of the channel separator gates ||3| I6, it will be recalled that an output pulse is obtained when a channel pulse coincides with three high channel matrix input voltages. In the case of the replacement gate tube |21 in Figure 8, the same result would follow when a replacement pulse conicides with three high replacement matrix input voltages but for the fact that the supressor grid of the replacement gate tube |21 receives negative, White-indicator pulses from the channel gate tube ||3 of Figure 7. As long as White-indicator pulses appear at the input X1 of the replacement gate tube |21 of Figure 8, they will cancel the effect of replacement pulses from the replacement generator 31 which might otherwise cause the tube |21 to conduct. Conversely, when White indicator pulses fail to reach the replacement gate tube |21 (indicating black reflecting conditions in the zone associated therewith) the gate tube |21 will conduct current each time a replacement pulse coincides with three high voltages from the comparison matrix |24, and will produce a negative output pulse. It is obvious, then, that output pulses from the replacement gate tube |21 for any given channel indicate the absence of white-indicator pulses from the channel gate tube-section corresponding to that channel. The output pulses from the replacement gate tube |21 will hereinafter be referred to as lack-indicator pulses. As long as black reflection persists in any given zone, the output of the replacement gate tube |21 corresponding to that zone will be a continuous series of black-indicator pulses occurring at 500 cycles. The actual number of black-indicator pulses which will occur in any one series is a Variable factor, and can be seen to depend not only on the different lengths of the black letter-portions which occur in a given zone (see Figure 1), but also on the rate at which the printed matter is scanned. For example, the operator may slow down or even stop scanning in the middle of a letter, in which case black indicator pulses will be generated at one or more of the gate tubes |21 until scanning is resumed. In order to reduce one or more indicator pulses (either black or white) into a single informational impulse, a socalled flip-flop stage |29 is provided in the pulse replacement circuit 38, wherein only a single output pulse will be generated for each change from black to white (or vice versa) in the particular zone involved. The flip-flop circuit |29 is a reversing circuit quite similar in operation to the balanced trigger circuits 13-15 described in connection with Figure 7, being distinguished therefrom by having a dual input |29a, |29b as compared with the single input 11 of the reversing circuits 13-15 which are herein designated as balanced trigger circuits.

Black-indicator pulses from the replacement gate tube |21 are applied to the input point |29a for the left section of the flip-flop stage |29 through the left section of a duo-diode tube |3|,. while white-indicator pulses from the associated channel gate of Figure 1 are applied to thev right section of the flip-flop stage |29 through the terminal Y1 and the right section of the diode 3| .The flip-flop stage |29 will respond only` once to each uninterrupted series of pulses applied to either section thereof, and will not reverse again until the input pulses shift from one section of the stage |29 to the other. Since blackindicator pulses will appear at the nip-flop circuit |29 only in the absence of white-indicator pulses, and vice versa, the conditions of conduction-nonconduction in the flip-flop circuit |29 will indicate the reflection conditions at any given instant for theparticular zone involved. Accordingly, the scanning device I0 can be moved across the printed matter at any desired rate, and can even be stopped at will in the course of scanning, without adversely affecting the derivathe ip'flop stage |29, to indicate which sectionv of the flip-flop is conducting at any one instant. The indicator |31 is useful when making preliminary adjustments of the complete apparatus of Figure 2.A

Each time that the flip-flop circuit |29 is reversed by a negative pulse arriving at either section thereof, the voltage at the plate of the other section will drop from a relatively high voltage toa relatively low voltage, in a manner analogous to the action accompanying a reversal in one of the stages 13-15 of the frequency divider of Figure '1. When a transition from white to black reflection occurs in a given zone, the voltage at the plate of the right section of the iiip-op |29 associated with that zone will drop to a low value. When a transition from black to White occurs, the plate voltage of the right section of the flip-flop |29 Will rise, While the plate voltage of the left section will drop. The two plates of the flip-flop tube |29 are connected to a channel counter circuit 39 and to a read and reset pulse generator 4i, and may also be connected to the input of a sequence circuit 40, as shown. The channel counter circuit 39, the read and reset pulse generator 4|, and the sequence 'circuit 4D will now be considered in that order.

CHANNEL rCOUNTER CIRCUIT In the counter circuit 39, the number of transitions from White to black reflection in one zone, due to one character of the printed matter, is counted and is translated into a voltage combination characteristic of the number of transitions counted. The counter circuit 39 includes two binary counter stages |32, |33, each of which is similar to one of the three stages 13-15 of the frequency divider circuit 39 of Figure 7, together with two cathode follower stages |35, |38, which are analogous to the cathode follower stages 33455 of the channel separator circuit 33 in Figure 7. Each drop in voltage which occurs at the plate of the right section of the replacement gate flipflop |29 due to a white-to-black transition is differentiated into a negative pulse at the input of the channel counter circuit 39. As is shown in Table I, any number of reflection transitions between l0 and B'may occur in any one zone due to one printed character. Accordingly, the counter circuit 39 must provide four different output voltage combinations or groups corresponding to the four possible reflection transitions (including zero) Which may occur in a given zone per letter. The four voltage combinations are obtained at the cathodes of the cathode follower stages |35,

|36 in the counter circuit, and are shown in the 17 THE SEQUENCE CIRCUIT `The information furnished to the master selector matrix 42 in Figure 9 by the (eight) channel counters 39 is suiiicient to identify most of the letters and characters of ordinary printed matter. However, in the case of letters which are mirror images of each other (e. g. p-q, b-d) and for such other pairs of letters as will give identical pulse-count information (e. g. 0, z") it is desirable to have a means for resolving the resulting ambiguities. A sequence circuit 4U, shown in Figure 7, can be used to overcome this difficulty.

The sequence circuit '49, which is sensitive to the order in which transitions between white and black 'reection occur in any selected pair of zones, is seen to comprise a dual input clipper stage |5| connected to the output of the pulse replacement circuits 38 of two channels corresponding to the two selected Zones. The' clipping level of the input stage |5| can be adjusted by means of a potentiometer |52 in the grid bias section of the clipper circuit |5|. The two outputs of the clipper stage |5| are applied to a ipflop stage |53, wherein the last section to receive a pulse from a channel associated with the circuit 49 will be the nonconducting section, and will thereby indicate which of the two selected channels transmitted the last pulse to the sequence circuit 4U. A cathode follower output stage |54 transmits the voltages representing derived sequence information to the master selector matrix 42 in Figure 9 on two output leads S1, S2.

M ASTER SELECTOR MATRIX The master selector matrix 42 of Figure 9 is a much amplified equivalent of the channel matrix 98 and the replacement matrix |24, previously described. The master matrix 42 in Figure 9 hasthirty vertical input leads and-twenty-six @horizontalf output leads. As is indicated in Fig- Vure 9, by the letters a-z, each output leadin the master-matrix is allotted to one ofthe letters ofthe alphabet,` and each of the output leads of the matrix 42 is connected to a preselected combination of input leads C1-C4, Si-Sz which carri7 the groups of voltages characteristic of the letters involved.

, vThe master matrix 42 shown in Figure 9 is arranged to recognize the special type face letters a-z shownadjacent the ,horizontal matrixoutput leads in Figure 9. As was previously explained, certain letters in ordinary printed matter, such as mirror-image letters and the like,

require the use of sequence circuits or their equiv- :alent to resolve ambiguities. InY order to reduce the number of sequence circuit connections which would ordinarily be required, the special type face letters shown in Figure 9 have been selected for the present illustrative embodiment of the invention, since this particular type face eliminates all ambiguities except as to the letters c and 2. It has been assumed that one sequence circuit will be used to distinguish between the .letters c and z, as indicated by the two input 18 leads Si, S2 within the bracket marked sequence circuit in Figure 9.

A further simplification has been effected as to channel No. 1 and channel No. 8 in the present embodiment. It will be noted that all of the letters a-z, shown in Figure 9, having portions which would extend into the hypothetical zones No. 1 and No. 8 of Figure 1 (i. e., g, j, 13,

.q, y), are so formed that no more than two white-to-black transitions can occur in either `channel No. 1 or channel No. 8. This makes it Figure 9 as do their counterparts, the cathode followers 93, 94, in the channel separator circuit 36 of Figure 7, for the channel matrix 98. The various input leads C1C4, Si, S2 of the master matrix 42 will carry into the matrix distinctive groups of high voltages corresponding to the individual lettersvscanned. As will appear more fully hereinafter, one of the requirements for reproduction of a given letter sound is that all of the master matrix input leads Ci-C4, Si, S2, to which the output lead allotted to that letter is connected, must be in the high voltage condition. The following example will serve to illustrate how such a group of voltages can be obtained in a given case. y

It can be seen in Figures 1 and la that a scan of the letterfb will produce one white-to-black transition in each of the first three channels, two transitionsin channels four and five, one transition in channel six, and zero transitions in channels 1 and 8. Referring to Table III above, the channel output leads C1 and C3 will be in the high voltage condition after one count, the leads C2 and C4 will be high` after two counts, and

the leads C1 and C4 will be high after zero counts. Accordingly, the master matrix output Alead for the letter b is connected to the first and third leads C1 and C3, from channels I, 2, 3, and 6; to the secondV and fourth leads, C2 and C4, from channels 4 and-5; and to the first leadv C1 :from channels 1 and 8.. By computing the counts REPRODUCER CONTROL CIRCUITS Each of the output leads of the master selector matrix 42 is connected to one of twenty-six identical reproducer control circuits 44, three of which are illustrated in Figure 8. Each reproducer control circuit 44 comprises a gas tetrode tube |51, having the operating winding |58 of one of the latch solenoids B2 of Figures 3 and 4 connected in series therewith. One output lead from the master matrix 42 is connected to the control grid of each tetrode |51, while the read bus |45, carrying read pulses from the read-and-reset pulse generator 4| of Figure 7 is connected to the screen grid of all of the tetrodes |51. When the master matrix outputr lead for any one tetrode |51 receives only high voltages from the master matrix the tetrode' |51 havingthe proper control grid voltage. Conduction in any one of the tetrodes |51 energizes the solenoid l| 58in the plate circuit thereof, thus allowing the'reproducer disc associated therewith to begin rotating. Since the tetrodes |51 in the reproducercontrol-circuits 41| are gas tubes, both the control grid and thesuppressor grid lose control of conduction after the tube lires. Although the control-grid and suppressor gridvoltages drop immediately after one of the tetrodes |51 `lceginsto conduct, the selected tetrode will continue to energize the solenoid |58 associated therewith, and lwill allow continuous reproduction of the selected letter sound unless some ymeans is'provided for cutting off the conducting tube |51. Accordingly, a reproducer cut-oir circuit 41 is provided to prevent continuous reproduction of any one letter sound.

REPRODUCER CUT-OFF CIRCUIT Input voltage for the reproducer control circuit 41 is developed across a resistor |59 connected in the cathode return circuit of all of the control tubes |51. When any one of the .tubes |51 begins toconduct, a voltage will'be developed across the resistor |59, and will be applied to a screen coupled trigger circuit |6| through Aa long .time constant 'R-C network comprising the 4 resistor |59, aresistor |62 and .a capacitor |66. 'The voltage at the` grid of the normally nonconducting stage |63 of the trigger circuit |6| willgradually rise until the trigger circuit |61 reverses, whereupon the rise in voltage `at the plate of -theV norxnally conducting stage .|64 of thetrigger circuit will initiate conduction in a normallynon-con- Vducting relay control tube |65. The flow of `current in the controltube |65 will energize av relay winding |51 in the lplate circuit of the control tube. When the relay winding |61 is energized, a first relay tongue |68will operate to open the plate circuit `of all of the tetrodes I 51,-while a second relay tongue |69 will operate to closea discharge circuit for the capacitor |66. Consequently, any conducting 'tetrode |51 will be extinguished, deenergizing the associated solenoid winding |58, and stopping the-rotation of the selected reproducer disc. At the same time, the discharge of the capacitor |66 will cause the remainder of the reproducer control circuit 41 to return to normal condition. The time constant of the R-C network |59, |62, |66 is so adjusted (by varying the resistor |59) that current will flow in the selected solenoid `winding |53 just 'long enough to permit the associated reproducer disc to come up to speed.

It will be seen that the foregoing system provides for positive, accurate recognition and reproduction of each letter and/or character of printed matter, and is suiiiciently `automatic and certain in operation to require the exercise of little skill on the part of the operator. It is also possible to utilize the principles of the invention in a system for recognizing the letter groups of -ordinary words for controlled soundreproduction thereof. This can be done by adding a switch |19 and a capacitor |1| .to the read and reset pulse generator circuit 4| in Figure 8. With the switch |16 closed, the capacitor |1| will delay any voltage changes at the input to the slicer stage |39 when reflection conditions at the printedmatter being scanned revert to white in all zones. If the scanning rate Vis controlled within reasonable limits, the read and reset pulse generator 4| will not respond during the relatively short interval between individual letters, but will respond during the relatively long interval between words. The connections in the master matrix 42 of 'Figure 9 can be rearranged as necessary to recognize any desired letter combination.

'It is apparent that the principles of indicia recognition and translation set forth herein are by no means limited to use with an acoustic reproduction system. For example, characteristic voltages or voltage groups generated in accordance with the invention .could be utilized to control the operation of a Braille-character printer in order to translate the characters of ordinary printed matter into Braille system characters. The invention is also applicable to accounting and tabulating systems, for recognizing printed or perforated indicia on index cards. Where perforated cards are used, a scanning system comparable to that shown in Figure 13 may be found to be advantageous.

It is also apparent that arbitrary coded indicia other than the characters of an alphabet could as well be recognized by the method and apparatus described, such as the punched or perforated patterns comprising teletype code and the like.

Since these and other modifications could be made in the method and apparatus shown and described, all Within the scope and spirit of the invention, the foregoing is to be construed as illustrative, and not in a limiting sense.

What is claimed is:

1. Apparatus for recognizing and translating from a given surface indicia thereon of contrasting energy-reflective properties, said apparatus comprising, a source of energy, means for scanning a plurality of segmental zones of said surface with pulsating beams of energy projected upon said surface from said source, means including an element responsive to reflected energy originating in said beams and reflected from said surface for detecting changes in the amount of energy reflected from said surface within each of the zones scanned by said beams, and means including a plurality of binary counter circuits coupled to said last-mentioned means to count the number of said changes detected and generate diiering voltage groups having a predetermined relation to the number of said changes detected for each of said zones.

2. Apparatus for recognizing and translating from a given surface indicia thereon of contrasting energy-reiiectivc properties, said appa'- ratus comprising, a source of energy, means for scanning a plurality of segmental zones of said surface with pulsating beams of energy projected upon said surface from said source, means including an element responsive to reflected energy originating in said beams and reflected from said surface for detecting changes in the amount of energy reiiected from said surface Within each of the zones scanned by said beams, means including counting circuits coupled to said de- Atecting' means to generate -differing voltage groups representative of the number of said detected changes in each of said groups, and an auxiliary circuit coupled to saiddetecting means to generate additional differing voltages representative of the sequence in which said changes occur as between two of said zones.

3. Apparatus for recognizing and translating Afrom a given surface indicia thereon of contrasting energy-reflective properties, said apparatus comprising, a source of light, means for scanning a plurality of segmental zones of -said surface with pulsating beams of light projected upon said surface from said source, means including an element responsive to reected-light originating in said beams and reflected from said surface for detecting changesjin the amount of light reiiected-from said surface within each of the zones ferent counts made by said counting means, a f

voltage responsive control circuit connected to said voltage generator 'and adapted to respond 4diiferently to each said voltage group, and a utilization device connected to b'e controlled by said control circuit.

4. Apparatus for translating printed matter composed of a given surface having characters printed thereon of contrasting light-reiiective properties into articulate sounds characteristic of a spoken language, said apparatus comprising a source of pulsating light beams, means for scan- .ning said printed matter with pulsating beams from said source, voltage generating means 're'- sponsive to pulsating reiiected light originating in said beams and reflected from said printed matter for generating differing control voltage groups having a predetermined relation to the number of changes in the amount of pulsating light reflected from said printed matter, means for generating a plurality of sounds each characteristic of a spoken language, and a control circuit connecting said voltage generating means to said sound generating means to initiate generation of preselected ones of said soundsf in response to generation of preselected ones of said control voltage groups.

5. Apparatus for translating printed matter composed of a given surface having characters printed thereon of contrasting light-reective properties into articulate sounds characteristic of a spoken language, said apparatus comprising, a source of light, means for scanning aplurality of segmental zones of said printed matter with pulsating beams of light projected upon said printed matter from said source, voltagepulse generating means responsive to pulsating light reflected from all of said zones for generating pulses of voltage, means responsive to voltage pulses from said pulse-generating means for generating differing voltage groups having a predetermined relation to the number of changes in the light reflective properties of said printed matter within said zones, means for producing sounds characteristic of a spoken language, and means responsive to said voltage groups from said voltage-generating means for controlling said sound producing means.

6. Apparatus as dened in claim 5, including means for separating said Voltage pulses into sep- 22 arate pulse-groups corresponding to pulsating light `from each of said zones.

-7. Apparatus for translating printed matter composed of a given surface having characters -printed thereon of contrasting light-reflective properties into articulate sounds characteristic -of a spoken language, said apparatus comprising,

means for generating a plurality of pulsating light beams and for directing said light-beams onto said printed matter, said means being movable across said printed matter to thereby illuminate said printed matter in a plurality of zones defined by the paths followed by said beams in the course of moving across said printed matter,light-sen sitive means responsive to pulsating light re'- iiected from all of said zones for generating-pulses of voltage, counting circuit means responsive tc pulses from said light-sensitive means for generating differing voltage groups having a predetermined relation to the number of changes in `the amount of pulsating light'reflected from each 'of said 'zones due to diiferencesin the light-reflective properties of said printed matter within said zones, and means for utilizing said differing voltage groups to control the reproduction "of individually recorded sounds characteristic printed thereon of contrasting light-reliective properties into articulate sounds characteristic of a spoken language, said apparatus comprising, a scanning device including means for generating a plurality of pulsating light beams and an optical system for directing said light beams onto said printed matter, saidscanning device being movable across said printed matter to thereby sequentially illuminate said characters in a plurality of zones dened by the paths followed by said light beams in the course of moving across said printed matter, a light-sensitive element associated with said scanning device and responsive to pulsating light reected from all of said zones for generating pulses of voltage, a plurality of pulse counting circuits responsive to pulses from said element and including said pulse counting circuit for generating differing voltage groups having a predetermined relation to the number of changes in the amount of light reflected from each of said zones due to diiferences in the light-reflective properties of said printed matter within said zones, and means for utilizing said voltage groups to control the reproduction of recorded sounds characteristic of a spoken language.

9.` Apparatus for translating printed matter composed of a given surface having characters printed thereon of contrasting light-reective properties into articulate sounds characteristic of a spoken language, said apparatus comprising, a master voltage-pulse oscillator, means coupled to said oscillator for generating a plurality of pulsating light beams and for directing said light beams onto said printed matter, said means being movable across said printed matter to thereby illuminate said printed matter in a plurality of zones dened by the paths followed by said light beams in the course of moving across said printed matter, a light-sensitive element associated with said means and responsive to pulsating light reflected from all of said zones for generating pulses of voltage, first circuit means for separating said pulses of voltage into separate pulsegroups, each of said groups of pulses corresponding to pulsating light reflected from one of said zones, pulse-generator means coupled to said oscillator for generating voltage pulses in the absence of pulses from element, second circuit means responsive to pulses from said first circuit means and from said pulse-generator means for generating voltage groups havinga predetermined relation to the number of changes -in the amount of light reiected from each of said zones due to diierences in the light-reflective properties of said printed -matter within said sones, and means for utilizing said voltage groups -to control the reproduction of recorded sounds characteristic of a spoken language.

l0. Apparatus as dened in claim 9, wherein said second circuit means includes a voltage pulse counting circuit.

11. Apparatus as deiined in claim 10, wherein said second circuit means includes a circuit sensitive to the order in which said changes occur in ltivo of said zones.

12. Apparatus as defined in claim 9, wherein said second circuit means includes a circuit sensitive to the order in which` said changes occur in two of said zones.

13. Apparatus for translating printed mattei' composed of a given surface having characters printed thereon of contrasting light-reective properties into articulate sounds characteristic of a spoken language, said apparatus comprising, a scanning device including (l) a cathode-ray tube for generating a plurality oi pulsating light beams and (2) an optical system for directing said light beams onto said printed matter, said device being movable across said printed matter to therebyilluminatesaid printed matter in a plurality of zones defined by the paths followed by said light beams in the course of moving across said printed matter, a light-sensitive element in said scanning device responsive to pulsating light reflected from all of said zones for genertaing pulses of voltage, circuit means responsive to pulses from said element for genertaing voltage groups having a predetermined relation to the number of changes in the amount of light reected from each of said zones due to dierences in the light-reilective properties of said printed matter Within said Zones, sound producing means including a plurality of reproducible4 recordings of sounds characteristic of a spoken language, and control circuits associated with said sound producing means and selectively responsive to said voltage groups for controlling the operationof said sound producing means.

14. Apparatus as dened in claim 13, wherein said circuit means includes a circuit sensitive to the order in which said changes occur in two of said zones.

LESLIEYE. FLORY. WINTHROP S. PIKE. y

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

'UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,910,586 Bartholomew May 23, 1933 2,002,208 McPorlane May 21, 1935 2,198,248 Hansell Apr. 23, 1940 2,210,706 Corlisle Aug. 6, 1940 2,228,782 Shorples Jan. 14, 1941 2,432,123 Potter Dec. 9, 1947 

